203

Systematic review on stress, insomnia,

and burnout syndrome in secondary

school teachers

Valentina Lobo-Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda-Bustos

Diego Rivera-Porras

Cómo citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar

este artigo: Lobo-Ortiz, V., Castañeda-Bustos Y. V., & Rivera-Porras,

D. (2023). Systematic Review on Stress, Insomnia, and Burnout

Syndrome in Secondary School Teachers. Revista UNIMAR, 41(2),

203-226 https://doi.org/10.31948/Rev.unimar/unimar41-2-art12

Fecha de recepción: 22 de noviembre de 2022

Fecha de revisión: 14 de abril de 2023

Fecha de aprobación: 28 de mayo de 2023

Abstract

This systemic review article aimed to analyze the symptoms of stress, insomnia,

and burnout syndrome in secondary school teachers. The PICO methodology

was adapted for the research question and the PRISMA methodology for the

article review and selection process. As a result, it was found that professional

stress occurs when there is dissatisfaction or restrictions in the environment

in which it is exercised; when the preparation of the person has ceased before

an elaboration of organizations, as well as the deterioration of the teacher’s

vitality because of the stress produced. Burnout syndrome is a reaction to

chronic professional stress; the amplitudes that stand out in burnout syndrome

are related to stress levels and insomnia. In conclusion, burnout syndrome

tends to be more pronounced in teachers because they have direct contact with

people; also, the current economic and political factors directly inuence the

development of their daily activity; in this way, when all these factors come

together, it is possible to suer from burnout.

Keywords: stress; burnout; teachers.

Revisión sistemática sobre el estrés, el insomnio y

el síndrome de burnout en profesores de secundaria

Resumen

El propósito de este artículo de revisión sistémica fue analizar los síntomas de

estrés e insomnio y el síndrome de burnout en profesores de secundaria. Se

E-mail: V_lobo@unisimon.edu.co

E-Mail: Y_castaneda1@unisimon.edu.co

Professor at Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta, Colombia. E-mail: diego.rivera@unisimon.

edu.co

Review article.

204

utilizó la metodología PICO para la pregunta de investigación y, la metodología

PRISMA para el proceso de revisión y selección de artículos. Como resultado,

se obtuvo que el estrés profesional se presenta cuando existe insatisfacción o

restricciones en el medio donde se ejerce; cuando la preparación de la persona

ha cesado ante una elaboración de organizaciones, así como el deterioro de la

vitalidad del docente. Como consecuencia, el estrés produce el síndrome de

burnout, que es una respuesta al estrés profesional crónico. Las amplitudes

que destacan en el síndrome de burnout están relacionadas con los niveles de

estrés e insomnio. Como conclusión, el síndrome de Burnout tiende a ser más

evidente en los docentes, ya que tienen un contacto directo con las personas

y, además, los factores económicos y políticos actuales inuyen directamente

en el desarrollo de su actividad diaria; de esta manera, cuando se juntan

todos estos factores, es posible padecer burnout.

Palabras clave: estrés, burnout, profesores.

Revisão sistemática sobre estresse, insônia e síndrome

de burnout em professores do ensino médio

Resumo

O objetivo deste artigo de revisão sistêmica foi analisar os sintomas de estresse,

insônia e síndrome de burnout em professores do ensino médio. A metodologia

PICO foi adaptada para a pergunta de pesquisa e a metodologia PRISMA para

o processo de revisão e seleção de artigos. Como resultado, obteve-se que o

estresse prossional ocorre quando há insatisfação ou restrições no ambiente

em que ele é exercido; quando a preparação da pessoa cessou frente a uma

elaboração das organizações, bem como a deterioração da vitalidade do

professor devido ao estresse produzido. A síndrome de burnout é uma resposta

ao estresse prossional crônico; as amplitudes que se destacam na síndrome

de burnout estão relacionadas aos níveis de estresse e à insônia. Concluindo, a

síndrome de burnout tende a ser mais evidente nos professores, pois eles têm

contato direto com as pessoas; além disso, os fatores econômicos e políticos

atuais inuenciam diretamente o desenvolvimento de sua atividade diária;

dessa forma, quando todos esses fatores se unem, é possível sofrer de burnout.

Palavras-chave: estresse, burnout, professores.

Introduction

Work-related stress is associated with overwhelming events in the work environment, with

obligations that exceed the worker’s capabilities, means, and needs. This syndrome can be caused

by various situations, such as pressure to increase productivity or lack of training. In this sense,

it can be said that the work environment is one of the main sources of work-related stress risks.

Many surveys have emphasized that work can be a source of satisfaction for various human

needs, such as self-realization, maintaining interpersonal relationships or making decisions, and

an indispensable resource for workers (Seijas, 2019).

It is important to note that among the most frequent mental illnesses in the educational group

is work stress; this is the imbalance between the demands of a job and the human intellect for

its performance, where this precision leads to a basic point, activated by professional stress and

related functions of cognitive eects (Párraga and Escobar, 2020).

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

teachers

Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

205

The burnout syndrome is a response to

professional stress; it is an ability made up of

cognitions, sensations, and attitudes that deny

the duty and the people with whom they are

related through their work (Rivera-Porras et al.,

2019). This condition has been identied as a

threat to tasks related to working with individuals,

such as education, vitality, and human interests.

Teaching is recognized as a task that is prone

to triggering this phenomenon, as it involves

carrying out dierent actions inside and outside

the classroom, such as going with classmates and

students, transforming curriculum planning and

evaluation, and participating in organizational

activities (Rodríguez, 2017).

Various variables have been identied that

may be involved in the individual’s protective

mechanisms against stressors. In the risk of

burnout syndrome, the cause is considered

multifactorial, given the dimension of antecedents

that are directly or indirectly related to coping

with work or teacher stress; however, the factors

could be classied into personal and social

variables. Personal variables are catalogued as

those that determine a type of attitude to stress:

gender, family organization, previous optimism

before work and perhaps the predominant type

of personality (Sabio et al., 2019).

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in

general and one of the most pressing reasons

for seeing a therapist during a psychiatric

consultation. The assessment and treatment of

insomnia are very challenging; the arousal often

goes unnoticed or unheard, which contributes

to the aggravation of the therapeutic and

psychological levels of those who suer from it

(Martínez, 2019).

It is estimated that about one third of the

population suers from insomnia (diculty

falling asleep or staying asleep). If only

nocturnal symptoms are considered, this gure

drops to 10% when daytime consequences

are considered, so that the clinical syndrome

can be considered complete. Chronic insomnia

aects between 6% and 10% of the population

(Martínez, 2019).

The ineciency in the development and/or

maintenance of sleep, as well as the aid to

recovery or photo stimulation, has a signicant

impact on the subsequent sexual abstinence

of the patient and can be the cause of various

damages in the physical and partial state.

This disorder is associated with mild cognitive

impairment, particularly in attention to complex

tasks, consolidation of sleep memory, and some

aspects of executive function (Martínez, 2019).

Stress and anxiety are the body’s natural

response or awareness of imminent danger. They

can create the alerts and triggers needed to deal

with these risks or threats and nd solutions

(Ramos-Narváez et al., 2020). However, it

becomes a problem when it is too intense or

disproportionate to the stimulus, for too long

(when the danger or challenge has passed

or is no longer manageable), or too often.

Arousal and the stimuli it triggers whose main

purpose is to mobilize resources for survival,

are incompatible with sleep. Therefore, when

these feelings persist over time, they cause

psychophysiological problems such as insomnia

(Colorado Sleep Institute, n.d.).

To sleep well, you need good sleep hygiene and

the right psychology. Stress or anxiety, even in

its mildest form, can make it dicult to sleep.

There is a physiological explanation for this:

during periods of stress and anxiety, various

hormones are produced to prepare the body to

respond to the threat. Among other things, this

altered state alters our circadian rhythms, which

control various aspects of our daily metabolism.

Lack of melatonin production, lack of adrenaline,

and a busy mental state combine to make it

impossible for our bodies and minds to relax

(Campillo, 2020).

Similarly, sleep deprivation can lead to

increased fatigue the next day, which leads to

a deterioration in mood and attitude; over time,

this leads to a variety of physiological problems

that exacerbate these problems, so that insomnia

can worsen and lead to more severe episodes of

anxiety (Rivera-Porras et al., 2018).

Method

It is important to note that there are several

research methods, but for this systematic

review article the qualitative method was

chosen because it is used to study how people

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Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

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observe, understand, and analyze a particular issue. In this sense, it is known that qualitative

research is the science and art of describing a group or culture, that it is a particularly valuable

approach because it problematizes how citizens constitute and interpret societies. In the same

way, it is a means that facilitates the learning of cultures because it provides the researcher with

forms of organizing knowledge, behavior, and skills, also using and interpreting their experiences

(Hernández et al., 2014), in terms of sources of information. A selection of key DECS (Descriptors

in Health Sciences) and MESH (Medical Subject Titles) terms was made (see Table 1).

Table 1

DECS and MESH descriptors

Source Keyword Related terms

DECS Burnout, Psychological Emotional exhaustion, Psychic exhaustion, Burnout

MESH Burnout, Psychological Psychological burnout, Burnout, Student, School burnout

DECS Stress, Psychological Life stress, Mental suering, Psychological stress

MESH Stress, Psychological No records found.

DECS Fatigue Mental fatigue

MESH Fatigue No logs found

DECS Initiation to sleep No records found.

MESH Initiation to sleep No records found.

DECS Insomnia No records found.

MESH Insomnia No records found.

DECS Tension No records found.

MESH Tension No records found.

DECS Maintenance Disorders No records found.

MESH Maintenance Disorders No records found.

DECS Sleep

Lack of sleep, Insomnia, Sleep initiation disorders and

maintenance.

MESH Sleep No records found.

DECS Masticatory apparatus No records found.

MESH Masticatory apparatus No records found.

DECS

Psychological

Adaptation

No records found.

MESH

Psychological

Adaptation

No records found.

DECS Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction

MESH Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction

Satisfaction, Work

Source: authors.

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Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

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The bibliographical review of the research articles was carried out by searching various academic

electronic databases, among which the scientic material search engines Scielo, Scopus, Redalyc,

PubMed, and ProQuest are mentioned to carry out the research. The categories established for this

research are stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome, through a systematic review that allows

orientation from psychology. It should be noted that to search for this information, a series of

keywords mentioned in Table 1 were used, considering the publication base from 2015 to 2021. It

should also be added that the languages found were English and Spanish. Some terms were included

in the review because they could be translated. On the other hand, it is important to mention that

for this review the PRISMA methodology was used, implementing thesauruses in the information

search process, where the selection of the dierent studies was made by applying inclusion and

exclusion criteria, which allowed the evaluation of the reliability and quality of the investigation,

answering the research question (Beltrán, 2005; González and Balaguer, 2021) (see Table 2).

Table 2

Search terms

Database Search algorithm

PubMed

Science

Direct

REDALYC

SCIELO

Dialnet

Proquest

Scopus

(“Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic” OR “Tension” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anguish” OR

“Fatigue” OR “Exhaustion”)

(“Burnout, Professional”) DNA (“Absenteeism”)

(“Insomnia” OR “Wakefulness” OR “Worry” OR “Restlessness” OR “Nervousness”)

AND (“Sleep Initiation”)

(“Tiredness” OR “Wasting” OR “Exhaustion” OR “Weakness” OR “Debilitation” OR

“Reluctance” OR “Fatigue”)

(“Mental Fatigue”) AND (“Exhaustion”)

(“Behaviour” OR “Pattern” OR “Proceed” OR “Performance” OR “Tactics” OR “Custom”

OR “Habit”)

(“Conduct”) AND (“Adaptation, Psychological”)

(“Antisocial Personality Disorder”)

(“Rejoicing” OR “Complacency” OR “Delight”) AND (“Job Satisfaction”) AND

(“Personal Satisfaction”)

(“Solitude” OR “Abandonment” OR “Withdrawal”) AND (“Social Isolation”)

(“Restlessness” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anguish” OR “Uneasiness” OR “Concern”) AND

(“Performance Anxiety”)

(“Occupation” OR “Position” OR “Exercise” OR” Execution” OR “Practice” OR

“Fulllment” OR “Function”) DNA (“Physical Functional Performance”)

(“Identity OR “Character” OR “Temperament” OR “Genius” OR “Style”)

(“Dissociative Identity Disorder”)

Source: authors.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

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According to what is indicated in Table 2, it is possible to observe the dierent equations that have

been used to obtain the necessary information to carry out this systematic review article, which

was oriented in an English language and in Spanish, nding the databases mentioned above and

considering the categories selected for the development of this article.

On the other hand, it was necessary to formulate the research question; for this purpose, the PICO

tool was added, as it is very useful to improve the specicity and conceptual clarity of the clinical

problems to be studied, as well as to improve the quality of the searches and the accuracy, which

allows to address adequate and precise data to answer the problem question (Landa-Ramírez and

Arredondo-Pantaleón, 2014). Considering the research question posed, the dierent components

that make up the PICO strategy were identied, as can be seen in Table 3, which led to the

following research question: What are the symptoms of stress and sleeplessness that inuence

burnout syndrome in secondary basic education teachers?

Table 3

Question PICO

Component Description

Q: Patient or problem of interest (Population) Teachers of secondary basic education

I: Intervention Stress and insomnia

C: Comparison N/A

O: Results (Outcome) Burnout syndrome

Source: authors.

Data extraction process

To this end, an Excel spreadsheet was created by the authors, in which the key elements of each

of the selected studies were listed.

Study characteristics

First of all, the behaviours, strategies and situations related to the identied research are associated,

considering the characteristics assigned to the variables studied.

Information sources

The information used was obtained from the review of research published in high-impact journals

in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, REDALYC, SCIELO, Dialnet, Proquest, and

Scopus.

Eligibility criteria

Within the criteria of eligibility of information are the scientic evidence in a range of temporality

of the last ve years, considering the selection of variables related to stress and insomnia and

burnout syndrome, sleep disorders, among others.

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The entire search was conducted in English and Spanish for SCIELO, REDALY, SCOPUS, PROQUEST,

and PUMD, based on the mining of titles and abstracts using the search engines available in the

databases used (see Table 4).

Table 4

Search equations according to the database

Databases Search equations

PUBMED

(“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders” OR “Tension” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anxiety” OR

“Fatigue” OR “Exhaustion”) AND (“Professional Burnout”) AND (“Absenteeism”)

AND (“Insomnia” OR “Wakefulness” OR “Worry” OR “Restlessness” OR

“Nervousness”) AND (“Initiation to sleep”) AND (“Tiredness” OR “Wearing” OR

“Exhaustion” OR “Weakness” OR “Weakness” OR “Reluctance” OR “fatigue”)

AND (“Mental fatigue”) AND (“Exhaustion”)

SCIELO

(“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders” OR “Tension” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anxiety” OR

“Fatigue” OR “Exhaustion”) AND (“Professional Burnout”) AND (“Absenteeism”)

AND (“Insomnia” OR “Wakefulness” OR “Worry” OR “Restlessness” OR

“Nervousness”) (“Mental fatigue”) AND (“Exhaustion”) AND (“Behavior” OR

“Pattern” OR “Proceed” OR “Performance” OR “Tactics” OR “Custom” OR “Habit”)

AND (“Behavior ) AND (“Adjustment, Psychological”)

PROQUEST

(“Antisocial Personality Disorder”) AND (“Joy” OR “Complacency” OR “Delight”)

AND (“Job Satisfaction”) AND (“Personal Satisfaction”) AND (“Loneliness” OR

“Abandonment” OR “Withdrawal”) AND (“Social isolation”) AND (“Anxiety” OR

“Anxiety” OR “Distress” OR “Anxiety” OR “Worry”) AND (“Performance anxiety”)

SCOPUS

(“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders” OR “Tension” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anxiety” OR

“Fatigue” OR “Exhaustion”) AND (“Professional Burnout”) AND (“Absenteeism”)

AND (“Insomnia” OR “Wakefulness” OR “Worry” OR “Restlessness” OR

“Nervousness”) AND (“Occupation “ OR “Position” OR “Exercise” OR “Execution”

OR “Practice” OR “Compliance” OR “Function”) AND (“Physical functional

performance”) AND (“Identity OR “Character” OR “Temperament” OR “Genius”)

AND (“Dissociative identity disorder”).

REDALYC

(“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders” OR “Tension” OR “Anxiety” OR “Anxiety” OR

“Fatigue” OR “Exhaustion”) AND (“Professional Burnout”) AND (“Absenteeism”)

AND (“Insomnia” OR “Wakefulness” OR “Worry” OR “Restlessness” OR

“Nervousness”)

Source: Authors.

Selection of studies

The studies were selected by searching the databases using the specic variables of the study, to

obtain an overall result of articles of dierent types of research.

Inclusion criteria

Articles related to the functioning and development of stress insomnia and burnout syndrome

guide the characteristics of the bad habit faced by teachers exposed to a period of intensity

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that prevents performance, compliance, and satisfaction of daily life, mismanagement of stress

viralizes various factors, generating depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and lack of personal

fulllment both in the mental and physical health of the teacher.

Exclusion criteria

Articles on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome; articles that are conducted in contexts other

than the intervention process; studies in the population of the health care environment and

caregivers; descriptive studies.

Selection and analysis

First, we considered the preliminary selection of studies based on the review by inclusion criteria,

population characteristics, study type, and year. Subsequently, an Excel registration table prepared

by the authors was independently completed, specifying the key elements of each of the selected

studies (see Tables 5, 6, and 7). Finally, the process of identication, screening, eligibility, and

inclusion of articles was described in summary form, following the structure suggested by the

PRISMA statement (Urrútia and Bonll, 2010).

Results

Table 5

Filters applied

Database

Total

articles

Document

Type

Time

period

Incomplete

and/or

duplicate

texts

access

Non-

compliance

with criteria

Selected

articles

PUBMED 2341 1237 617 122 109 241 15

PROQUEST 1235 701 133 165 159 74 3

SCIELO 3585 1897 896 448 224 119 1

REDALYC 1626 948 384 198 0 94 2

SCOPUS 2858 1623 629 298 179 120 9

Total 11645 6406 2659 1231 671 648 30

Source: Authors.

Table 5 shows the results obtained in the ve databases used, where a total of 11645 documents

were found, while in PUBMED the total number of articles found was 2341. These 15 articles were

selected by applying the appropriate lter. In addition, PROQUEST yielded data from 1235 articles,

from which three documents were selected, and SCIELO yielded 3585 documents. In REDALYC,

1626 manuscripts were found, and only two documents were selected after the lters. Finally, in

SCOPUS 2858 manuscripts were found from which nine articles were selected, making a total of

30 documents taken as samples.

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Figure 1

Flowchart of the study selection process

Source: Authors.

The selected studies are presented below.

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Table 6

Selected studies

N° Variables Title Database Authors Year Contribution

Stress and

insomnia,

and burnout

syndrome.

Density of the

network of

emotions in

burnout.

SCOPUS

(Spiller et

al., 2021)

2021

Negative emotions

are associated

with burnout.

This highlights

the importance

of emotions and

emotional exhaustion

in responding to work-

related distress in

healthcare workers.

2 Exhaustion

Research on

the correlation

between

burnout and

depression.

SCOPUS

(Schonfeld

et al.,

2019)

2019

The link between

burnout and

depression can be

viewed in at least

two ways. One is

that any redundancy

between exhaustion

and depression is

essentially technical,

produced by the

fact that measures

of depression often

include symptoms of

exhaustion.

Burnout

syndrome

Prevalence

of burnout

syndrome in

public school

teachers in

the Brazilian

context: A

systematic

review.

REDALYC

(Montoya

et al.,

2021)

2021

They exhibit high

levels of emotional

exhaustion,

accompanied by a

prevalence of burnout,

and regularly exhibit

high or moderate levels

of depersonalization

and indolence.

Stress and

insomnia,

and burnout

syndrome.

Insomnia is

associated with

worry, cognitive

avoidance, and

low academic

engagement

in Argentine

college

students during

COVID-19

social isolation.

SCOPUS

(Scotta et

al., 2022)

2022

The aim of this study

was to analyze the

relationship between

insomnia, worry,

coping strategies,

and academic

commitment in

subjects who are

pursuing a university

career in Argentina

during the rst

month of social

isolation due to

COVID-19.

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Insomnia and

exhaustion.

The impact of

stress on sleep:

the pathogenic

reactivity

of sleep as

vulnerability

to insomnia

and circadian

disorders.

PUBMED

(Kalmbach

et al.,

2018)

2018

Not only is the

sensitivity of the

sleep system related

to cognitive and

emotional processes.

There is also

preliminary evidence

that the two forms of

stress reactivity may

interact to increase

the risk of disease.

Mental fatigue

and stress.

Objective

assessments

of mental

fatigue during

a condition

of long-term

continuous

stress.

SCOPUS

(Zhang et

al., 2021)

2021

This study examined

changes in mental

fatigue during a

5-day intellectually

challenging

competition. It found

that mental fatigue

accumulates over

time in high-stress

situations.

Well-being

and behavior.

School-related

subjective

well-being

promotes later

adaptability,

achievement,

and positive

behavioral

behavior.

SCOPUS

(Putwain et

al., 2020)

2020

School-related

subjective well-

being promotes

adaptability,

achievement, and

positive behavior, and

adaptability is also

related to positive

behavior. There

may be educational

benets to students

from attempts to

promote well-being

and adaptability.

Stress and job

satisfaction.

Stress and job

satisfaction

of teachers in

urban schools:

unraveling

inuences at

the individual,

classroom, and

organizational

levels.

SCOPUS

(Ouellette

et al.,

2018)

2018

The ndings point

to organizational

climate and teacher

connectedness as

potential levers for

change, supporting

previous work on

teacher stress

and satisfaction in

schools. In urban

school districts,

the importance

of focusing on

organizational factors

may be particularly

relevant.

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Stress and

insomnia,

and burnout

syndrome.

Mindfulness,

reinvestment,

and rowing

under

pressure:

evidence for

moderate

moderation

of anxiety-

performance

ratio.

SCOPUS

(Sparks et

al., 2021)

2021

This research

provides initial

support that

mindfulness

dispositions may

benet performance

under pressure

and that this may

occur through

the attenuation

of reinvestment

processes.

Furthermore, the

results show that

mindfulness and

nonjudgmental

thinking can aect

dierent reinvestment

processes.

Exhaustion

and

associated

risks.

Nurse burnout

and associated

risk factors

during the

COVID-19

pandemic: a

systematic

review and

meta-analysis

PUBMED

(Galanis et

al., 2021)

2021

Nurses experience

high levels of

burnout during the

COVID-19 pandemic,

with several socio-

demographic, social,

and occupational

factors inuencing

this burnout.

Burnout

syndrome.

Prevalence

of burnout

syndrome in

public school

teachers in

the Brazilian

Context: A

systematic

review.

PUBMED

(Montoya

et al.,

2021)

2021

There is a critical

need to review

current research

practices and use

a standardized

measurement tool

to assess burnout in

these professionals.

This will facilitate

the comparison

and management

of data and, most

importantly, the

implementation of

an evidence-based

program developed

from multiple studies

on burnout.

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Depression,

insomnia,

and burnout

syndrome.

Burnout,

depression,

anxiety, and

insomnia of

internists and

primary care

physicians

during the

COVID-19

pandemic

in Japan: a

cross-sectional

survey.

SCOPUS

(Kuriyama

et al.,

2022)

2022

About 30% of

Japanese internists

and primary care

physicians who

participated in

this study had

symptoms of

exhaustion, anxiety,

and insomnia,

while 15% were

depressed during the

COVID-19 pandemic.

Interventions are

needed to reduce

mental disorders

among internists and

family physicians.

Performance

and mood.

Trait energy

and fatigue

modify

caeine’s

eects

on mood,

cognitive and

ne motor task

performance: a

post-hoc study.

REDALYC

(Fuller et

al., 2021)

2021

The aim of this study

was to determine the

inuence of physical

and mental energy

characteristics and

fatigue on mood

and performance

on cognitive and

ne motor tasks

when participants

consumed caeine

in comparison to a

placebo today.

Burnout

syndrome and

associated

factors.

Burnout

syndrome and

associated

factors in

medical

students.

SCIELO

(Merchán-

Galvis et

al., 2018)

2018

It is considered

necessary to

provide continuous

psychological support

throughout the

training process,

enabling students

to face stressful

situations and thus

avoid the onset of

the syndrome and its

consequences.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

216

15 Insomnia

Brain

mechanisms of

insomnia: new

perspectives

on causes and

consequences.

PUBMED

(Van

Someren,

2021)

2021

Although insomnia

is the second most

common mental

disorder, progress

in understanding

the underlying

neurobiological

mechanisms has

been limited. This

review addresses

the denition

and prevalence

of insomnia

and examines

its subjective

and objective

characteristics

throughout the 24-

hour day.

Job

dissatisfaction

Job

dissatisfaction,

psychosocial

aspects,

personal

satisfaction,

and mental

health of male

and female

health workers.

PUBMED

(Sousa et

al., 2021)

2021

The aim was

to evaluate the

relationship between

job dissatisfaction

and the occurrence

of common mental

disorders (CMD),

considering the

psychosocial aspects

of job and personal

satisfaction. Cross-

sectional study, with

a sample of 3,084

health workers from

ve municipalities in

Bahia.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

217

Job

performance

Cognitive

reection, Life

satisfaction,

Emotional

balance,

and Work

performance.

PUBMED

(Lado et

al., 2021)

2021

The validity of

individual dierence

variables in

predicting important

life phenomena, such

as job performance,

has been studied for

more than a century.

However, how some

of them are related

to one another has

remained largely

unexplored. This

article presents

a study of the

relationship between

cognitive reection

(CR), life satisfaction

(SWL), and emotional

balance (EB) with job

performance.

Job

satisfaction

Management

of happiness,

subjective well-

being, and job

satisfaction.

PUBMED

(Ramírez et

al., 2020)

2020

These ndings

suggest the need to

focus more directly

on organizational

social contextual

factors as a way

of improving

teacher stress

and satisfaction,

particularly in urban

schools serving

minority, low-income,

and at-risk students.

Occupational

health

The impact of

organizational

communication

satisfaction

on the work

commitment

of health

professionals.

PUBMED

(Abu Dalal

et al.,

2021)

2021

It can be concluded

that it is necessary

to design and

implement preventive

educational

interventions for

the early detection

of possible cases,

as well as for

the adequate

management of

episodic stress

situations, despite

the low level of

burnout among

the workers in the

sample.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

218

Burnout

and job

satisfaction

Factors

associated with

burnout and

job satisfaction

in Chinese

hospital

pharmacists.

PUBMED

(Zhao et

al., 2020)

2020

This study suggests

that personality

is a negative

2-dimensional

predictor of

burnout (emotional

exhaustion and

depersonalization),

while the work

environment,

particularly

work demands,

is a predictor

of burnout and

greater emotional

exhaustion.

Mental health

in workers.

COVID-19

pandemic:

taking care

of the mental

health of our

health workers.

SCOPUS

(Choudhury

et al.,

2020)

2020

We found that burnout

among nurses is a

critical issue during

the COVID-19

pandemic. There is an

urgent need for better

preparation of nurses

for the COVID-19

pandemic.

22 Mental fatigue

Mental

fatigue aects

endurance

performance:

a physiological

explanation.

PROQUEST

(Martin et

al., 2018)

2018

Mental fatigue reects

a change in the

psychobiological state

caused by prolonged

periods of demanding

cognitive activity. It

is well-documented

that mental fatigue

aects cognitive

performance. More

recently, however,

it has been shown

that endurance

performance is also

aected by mental

fatigue.

Job burnout

and mental

fatigue

Eect of job

strain on

job burnout,

mental fatigue,

and chronic

illness among

civil servants

in China’s

Xinjiang Uygur

Autonomous

Region.

PROQUEST

(Guan et

al., 2017)

2017

Work-related stress

refers to a state of

physical and mental

strain caused by an

imbalance between

the rigors of the job

and an inadequate

ability to adapt and

cope. Today, dierent

types of workers are

exposed to a variety

of job stressors.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

teachers

Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

219

24 Mental fatigue

Eciency,

workload,

occupational

health, and

safety in the

construction

industry in the

main cities of

Ecuador.

PROQUEST

(Gallegos

and

Castillo,

2022)

2022

The balance between

work and rest is

important not only

for the well-being

of the worker but

also for creativity,

innovation, and

eciency in the

task at hand. When

this balance is

achieved, physical

fatigue disappears

quickly. Experts

explain fatigue as a

physiological state of

reduced mental and

physical performance

that can result from

sleep deprivation

or prolonged

wakefulness.

Insomnia and

performance

Insomnia and

Cognitive

performance

PUBMED

(Brownlow

et al.,

2020)

2019

This article updates

and summarizes

recent literature

investigating

cognitive impairment

in people with

insomnia and

identies cognitive

domains that are

consistently impaired.

Sleep and

insomnia, and

depression

Sleep,

insomnia, and

depression

PUBMED

(Riemann

et al.,

2020)

2020

This article

links current

understanding of

sleep regulatory

mechanisms with

knowledge of

physiological changes

in depression.

The review aims

to draw attention

to current and

future strategies in

research and clinical

practice regarding

the benets of

sleep therapy and

depression.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

220

Fatigue and

exhaustion

Compassion

fatigue and

exhaustion, the

interventions of

an institution

PUBMED

(Lee et al.,

2019)

2019

Compassion is a

complex abstract

concept and is

usually perceived

as an emotional

response to the

vulnerability and

suering of another

person that motivates

an individual to

want the best for

the suerer. It is

seen as a virtuous

and inherent quality

of nursing. Nurses

are exposed to

various stressors at

work, caused by a

myriad of complex

professional and

organizational

challenges.

Burnout

syndrome and

demotivation

Burnout

syndrome and

demotivation

in health

personnel.

handling

stressful

situations: the

importance of

teamwork

PUBMED

(García-

Campayo

et al.,

2016)

2017

Stress is the second

leading cause of

absenteeism in the

European Union.

Around 12% of

European workers are

currently suering

from burnout.

29 Job burnout

Physical,

psychological,

and

occupational

consequences

of burnout:

a systematic

review of

prospective

studies.

PUBMED

(Salvagioni

et al.,

2017)

2017

Conicting results

have been observed.

In conclusion, several

prospective, high-

quality studies have

shown physical,

psychological

and work-related

consequences of

burnout.

Burnout in the

workplace

A systematic

review

including a

meta-analysis

of the work

environment

and symptoms

of burnout.

PUBMED

(Aronsson

et al.,

2017)

2017

It provides

systematically graded

evidence linking

working conditions to

the development of

burnout symptoms

shortly.

Source: authors.

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

221

Findings found

Stress and insomnia

A link has been found between stress and

insomnia, and as this aects people, sleep

reactivation is associated with the disposition

to stress that interrupts sleep, which translates

into diculty falling asleep and staying asleep

(Spiller et al., 2021; Ouellette et al., 2018). High

sleep reactivity is also associated with the risk of

shift work disorder, depression, and anxiety. It

is important to emphasize that worry and work

are related to stress, which can exploit sensitive

sleep systems, increasing the pathogenicity

of sleep reactivity. Now we can identify those

people at risk of insomnia in the future; the

aim is to identify a population to intervene and

promote this problem caused by overwork and

long shifts (Kalmbach et al. 2018).

Stress and burnout

Stress can be dened as an unpleasant experience

associated with a particular environment and can

include feelings of anger, tension, frustration,

and anxiety. Stress can have a negative eect

on people’s lives in relation to work or the

environment in which they live; it develops in

excessive work demands with low and little

emotional support; job satisfaction has been

associated with a high level of stress because the

long hours of work and the work and cognitive

load that the human being can maintain in his

daily life generate excessive stress. Several

factors have been identied that inuence good

job satisfaction and are able to generate personal

coping strategies and social support, although

most of the identied predictors of stress and

satisfaction can be classied as predictors at

the individual level (age, experience, self-

ecacy) or at the organizational level (culture

and work environment, workload, principal’s

leadership style and role management). Work-

related stress and burnout continue to increase

as teachers are faced with increasingly dicult

student behaviors to manage (Ouellette et al.,

2018; Schonfeld et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2021).

Insomnia and burnout

In recent years there has been an increase in

mental health problems related to insomnia,

worry, environmental strategies, and academic

engagement due to levels of worry and

cognitive avoidance strategies. Job burnout

can lead to sleep problems. The prevalence of

insomnia is due to the high hours of overwork

that a person can observe in his or her job;

therefore, insomnia and burnout have a certain

relationship; one predicts the other and can

cause a loss of sleep due to the work exploitation

acquired by the teacher. Insomnia, one of the

most common sleep disorders, is the inability to

initiate or maintain sleep or to achieve sucient

sleep duration and quality to restore normal

energy and alertness (García-Campayo et al.,

2016; Matsuyama et al., 2021; Kuriyama et al.,

2022). Worry is a cognitive component of the

anxiety response that processes and organizes

information to cope with future-threatening

situations. In addition, insomnia and worry

have been associated with reduced work and

academic engagement, which is a positive,

sustained, emotional, and cognitive state related

to a specic task. Stressful situations can aect

teachers psychologically, putting their cognitive,

emotional, and physical parts at risk (Imran et

al., 2020; Campillo, 2020).

Discussion

In this sense, it is known that professional

stress occurs when there are dissatisfactions

or restrictions in the environment where

the person carries out his/her work; his/her

preparation faces ineective situations, with the

eect of stress reserve; but the deterioration

of the teacher’s vitality as a consequence of

this produces the burnout syndrome, which

is a response to chronic professional stress.

The amplitudes that stand out in the burnout

syndrome are related to episodes of stress

and alertness, which in turn cause emotional

exhaustion, depersonalization, and failures in

personal performance at work (Putwain et al.,

2020; Sousa et al., 2021; Galanis et al., 2021).

People with burnout syndrome have similar

cognitions, sensations, and prohibitions,

such as feelings of failure, disappointment,

nervousness, and work ineciency, among

others. The dysfunctions presented by the

syndrome are physical and psychological.

A teacher suering from burnout syndrome

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

teachers

Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

222

presents at maximum frequency according to

his/her ocial time strength, because of the

attention and contributions he/she presents

between the students and the educational

committee. Depending on the negative actions

presented, it will be the level of the developed

syndrome. It should be noted that it is important

to admit stress to indicate the progress of

emotional commitments so that a negative

reaction to burnout syndrome does not develop.

Educational institutions should organize plans

for the promotion and prevention of the vitality

of their sta (Torres, 2021).

The concept of burnout has caused much debate

due to the confusion it causes when distinguished

from other concepts, but Van Someren (2021),

Kalmbach et al. (2018), and Salvagioni et al.

(2017) state that burnout does not overlap with

other psychological constructs.

It is also necessary to mention how burnout

diers from other psychological concepts; it can

be pointed out that this syndrome is dierent

from general stress, work stress, physical fatigue,

depression, sadness, boredom, or depression

with job dissatisfaction and signicant events

and crises in the East. Long life, although some

similar symptoms or developmental processes

are involved (Lee et al., 2019).

Work stress is understood as the interaction

between the high psychological demand, under

control (decision) on work, and under social support

that the individual receives from other workers

and headquarters; that is, an unpleasant, tense

environment and conictive relationships. Stress

can infer the relationship between satisfaction

and pleasure that the individual has with work

and the quality of life of this same; sometimes

high levels of stress tend to reduce the quality

of life of the individual, creating risk factors it

associated with their work environment. The lack

of mechanisms to adapt to work situations can

become a problem product of chronic wear and

tear on the person (Vidotti et al., 2019; Theorell

et al., 2015; Brownlow et al., 2020).

Burnout syndrome is characterized by a set of

symptoms that indicate the worker’s burnout,

manifested by a lack of physical and mental

energy (mental exhaustion), loss of interest

in work (reduced personality), and feelings of

weakness and self-esteem (low professional

accomplishment). The consequences of the

syndrome are detrimental to individuals and

organizations due to reduced psychosocial well-

being, absenteeism, and job dissatisfaction, as

well as putting the safety of sta and patients at

risk (Vidotti et al., 2019; Párraga and Escobar,

2020; Sparks et al., 2021).

Conclusions

Sleep deprivation and insomnia are very

common disorders due to a variety of causes,

including stress, environmental, and emotional

factors. Anxiety, on the other hand, is usually

restlessness or agitation associated with an

acute illness. Insomnia is the subjective feeling

that you can’t sleep when you want or as much

as you want. It is the most common sleep

disorder and has many causes. The duration

of insomnia is the most important guide to its

assessment and treatment. Temporary insomnia

(within a few nights) or short-term insomnia

(within three weeks) can be associated with a

variety of medical conditions (Lozano, 2020).

Work-related stress has been studied and

dierent explanatory models have been proposed

because dierent social conditions can act as

stressors and change people’s health (Pereiro

and Rodríguez, 2008), as well as the impact

of stress triggers, including socio-demographic

variables such as age, income level and gender,

and other everyday variables in which workers

have negative stress-related experiences.

Repeated periods of stress often precede burnout

and are interpreted as burnout at work. It results

from the interaction of variables in the work and

personal environment, involving a variety of

symptoms and emotions associated with work

stress. These symptoms are characterized by

emotional distress, lack of energy, detachment

and ridicule, incompetence, poor professional

self-image and hostile attitudes towards work,

various psychological symptoms such as

nervousness, anxiety, sadness, low self-esteem

and job dissatisfaction, and physical symptoms

such as respiratory diseases and allergies

(Aguirre et al., 2018).

Burnout syndrome is a major problem among

teachers of formative use, which has become

Systematic review on stress, insomnia, and burnout syndrome in secondary school

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Valentina Lobo Ortiz

Yuliana Valentina Castañeda Bustos

Diego Rivera Porras

223

very popular in our country in recent years.

In the course of this study, it was found that

professional stress increases the number of

events at the physical and psychological level

for teachers and workers who are involved in

long periods of work. In addition to this, their

way of life and the way they carry out their

daily tasks are reduced, and there is also

a prevalence of disturbed sleep, commonly

referred to as wakefulness, which leads to

an imbalance in the physical and cognitive

functioning of the individual.

In terms of socio-demographic characteristics,

we have a young population with an average

age of 34.83 years, which varies as 71.1% are

men and only 28.9% are women. However,

although burnout syndrome is more common in

women than in men, due to the double burden

of work and family, no relationship was found

between the presence of burnout syndrome

and gender. Schools should apply the MBI as a

strategy to control the possible appearance of

the syndrome, periodically and for teachers who

have been in the exercise of their work for many

years; that is, where you can diagnose and seek

solutions if you are suering, thus improving the

quality of life of teachers (Aguirre et al., 2018;

Torres, 2021; Merchán-Galvis et al., 2018).

In conclusion, it can be said that burnout syndrome

tends to be more pronounced among teachers

since they have direct contact with people, and

the economic and political factors of today have a

direct inuence on the development of their daily

activities. In this way, when all these factors come

together, one can suer from burnout. For this

reason, preventive measures should be taken in

educational institutions to avoid more burnt-out

and stressed professionals (Torres, 2021).

Conict of interest

The authors of this article declare that they have

no conict of interest in the work presented.

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Contribution

All authors participated in the preparation of the

manuscript, and read and approved it.