Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
101
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
Grief and its relationship with coping and
resilience strategies in a group of women
victims of the Colombian internal armed
conict
Olena Klimenko1
Nubia Hernández-Flórez2
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera3
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón4
Tatiana Padilla Lozano5
To reference this article / Cómo citar este artículo / Para citar
este artigo: Klimenko, O., Hernández-Flórez, N., Vergara-Herrera,
G. P., Rentería-Argón, I. J., & Padilla-Lozano, T. (2024). Grief and its
relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women
victims of the Colombian internal armed conict. Revista Criterios,
31(1), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.31948/rc.v31i1.3543
Reception date: August 23, 2023
Review date: November 24, 2023
Approval date: January 26, 2024
Abstract
In the context of the Colombian armed conict, women have been the most
aected, with the grief process being the most decient due to the lack of
psychosocial support. The objective of this study was to describe resilience and
coping strategies in a sample of women victims of the armed conict and their
relationship with the stages of grief experienced. The methodology used was
a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, ex post facto approach. Twenty
women victims of the armed conict who were in dierent stages of grief due
to the loss of their loved ones as a result of the armed conict participated in
the study. The Resilience Scale SV-RES for youth and adults by Saavedra and
Villalta (2008), the Coping Strategies Inventory adapted by Cano, Rodríguez,
and García (2006), and the Grief Phases Scale by Miaja and Moral (2013) were
used. Results: Deciencies in the use of coping strategies were identied in
the study sample, with a higher frequency of use of non-functional strategies.
Women who were in more advanced stages of grief showed the use of more
1Psychologist, Master in Social Sciences, Doctor in Psychopedagogy, Research Professor, Institución Universitaria de Envigado. E-mail:
olenak45@gmail.com
2Psychologist, Master in Research Advances in Psychopathology and Health Treatments. Doctor in Educational Sciences. Research
Professor, Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla. E-mail: nehernandezf@unimetro.edu.co
3Psychologist, Specialist in Management of psychosocial processes. E-mail: gloverher1606@hotmail.com
4Social Worker, Specialist in Management of Psychosocial Processes. E-mail: ingrisjren@hotmail.com
5Psychologist, Specialist in Management of psychosocial processes. E-mail: tmpl08@hotmail.com
The article presents the results of the study conducted to obtain the degree of Specialist in Management of Psychosocial Processes,
Fundación Universitaria Uniclaretiana.
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
102
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
functional coping strategies. No correlation between stages of grief and time
since loss was identied. Conclusions: The results suggest that the process
of coping and grief elaboration in the sample of women victims of the armed
conict is not related to the time elapsed since their loss, but rather to the use
of personological resources.
Keywords: victims; armed conict; women; bereavement; resilience; coping
strategies.
El duelo y su relación con las estrategias
de afrontamiento y resiliencia en un grupo
de mujeres víctimas del conicto armado
interno colombiano
Resumen
En el marco del conicto armado colombiano, las mujeres han sido la más
afectadas, siendo los procesos de duelo los que presentan mayores deciencias
debido a la falta de acompañamiento psicosocial. El objetivo de este estudio fue
describir la resiliencia y estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de mujeres
víctimas del conicto armado y su relación con etapas del duelo experimentadas.
La metodología utilizada fue de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, método no
experimental, ex post facto. Participaron 20 mujeres víctimas del conicto
armado que se encontraban en diferentes etapas del duelo por la pérdida de sus
seres queridos a raíz del conicto armado. Se empleó la Escala de Resiliencia
SV-RES para jóvenes y adultos de Saavedra y Villalta (2008), el Inventario
de estrategias de afrontamiento (CSI) adaptado por Cano, Rodríguez y García
(2006), y la escala de las Fases del duelo (EFD-66) de Miaja y Moral (2013).
Resultados: se identicó deciencias en el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento
en la muestra del estudio, con una mayor frecuencia de uso de estrategias
no funcionales. Las mujeres que se encontraban en etapas del duelo más
avanzadas mostraron el uso de estrategias más funcionales de afrontamiento.
No se identicó la correlación entre las etapas del duelo y el tiempo transcurrido
desde la pérdida. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que el proceso de
afrontamiento y elaboración del duelo en la muestra de mujeres víctimas del
conicto armado no está relacionado con el tiempo que ha trascurrido desde su
pérdida, sino más bien con el empleo de los recursos personológicos.
Palabras clave: víctimas; conicto armado; mujeres; duelo; resiliencia;
estrategias de afrontamiento.
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
103
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
O luto e a sua relação com as estratégias
de adaptação e a resiliência num grupo de
mulheres vítimas do conito armado interno
colombiano
Resumo
No contexto do conito armado colombiano, as mulheres foram as mais afetadas,
sendo os processos de luto os mais decientes devido à falta de acompanhamento
psicossocial. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a resiliência e as estratégias
de adaptação numa amostra de mulheres vítimas do conito armado e a sua
relação com as fases do luto vividas. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa,
descritiva, não-experimental, ex post-facto. Participaram no estudo 20 mulheres
vítimas do conito armado que se encontravam em diferentes fases do luto
devido à perda dos seus entes queridos em consequência do conito armado.
Utilizou-se a Escala de Resiliência SV-RES para jovens e adultos de Saavedra
e Villalta (2008), o Inventário de Estratégias de Adaptação adaptado por
Cano, Rodríguez e García (2006), e a Escala de Fases do Luto de Miaja e Moral
(2013). Resultados: Foram identicadas deciências no uso de estratégias de
adaptação na amostra estudada, com maior frequência de uso de estratégias
não funcionais. As mulheres que se encontravam em estágios mais avançados
do luto apresentaram o uso de estratégias de adaptação mais funcionais. Não
foi identicada correlação entre as fases do luto e o tempo decorrido desde a
perda. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o processo de elaboração da
adaptação e do luto na amostra de mulheres vítimas do conito armado não
está relacionado com o tempo decorrido desde a sua perda, mas sim com a
utilização de recursos personológicos.
Palavras-chave: vítimas; conito armado; mulheres; luto; resiliência;
estratégias de adaptação.
Introduction
For several decades, Colombia has been
aected by an internal armed conict that
has had serious consequences for the civilian
population. Currently, as the country enters
the post-conict process, it is necessary to
address all of these eects and sequelae at
the psychosocial level, as part of the public
policy of reparation to the victims of the armed
conict (Venegas et al., 2017; Estrada et al.,
2010; Mira González et al., 2023).
Among the eects that the armed conict has
left on the population are: forced displacement
with its consequences of impoverishment,
uprooting and family disruption (Cáceres et
al., 2000; Juárez & Guerra, 2011; Serrano et
al., 2023); post-traumatic stress disorder at
the family and individual levels (Alcaraz et al.
2012; Acuña Andrade & Ghiso Jiménez, 2023);
mental health disorders such as depression,
anxiety, eating disorders, high consumption of
alcohol and other substances, among others
(Aristizábal and Palacio, 2003; Londoño et al.,
2005; Mogollón et al., 2003; León-Giraldo et
al., 2023).
The aforementioned aectations are present
in the entire population, including both sexes
and dierent age groups (Pérez & Cristancho,
2005; Segura & Meertens, 1997). However,
the authors emphasize that the female
gender appears to be most aected by the
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
104
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
consequences of armed conict (Segura &
Meertens, 1997; Meertens, 2000; Andrade,
2011; Lasso-Urbano et al., 2022). Women
have been disproportionately aected by
sexual violence, loss of family members,
partners and children, displacement, and
post-traumatic stress, among other things,
leading to a higher prevalence of mental
health problems (Mogollón & Vásquez, 2006;
Andrade, 2011; Lasso-Urbano et al., 2022;
Acuña & Ghiso, 2023).
In addition to the above, one of the problems
aecting the female gender is the experience
of grief due to the loss of their loved ones,
especially partners and children, as a result
of the armed conict, taking into account the
aggravating factor that in many situations
several traumatic events occur together,
such as the violent death of loved ones,
displacement, rape, etc., which signicantly
complicates the possibility of overcoming the
grieving process (Cano et al., 2015; Miller et
al., 2013; León-Giraldo et al., 2023). Mourning
is a normal process of coping with loss, aimed
at adapting and harmonizing our internal and
external situation in the face of a new reality,
which includes a series of physical, intellectual,
emotional, behavioural, and spiritual reactions
that occur because of this traumatic experience
(Meza et al., 2008; Hilberdink et al., 2023).
In a normal process of overcoming grief, the
person goes through several stages as he/she
processes what has happened and overcomes
the negative consequences generated on a
subjective level. However, grief can become
complicated and even pathological when the
severity of the events overwhelms the person
who does not have sucient personological
resources to cope (Horowitz et al., 1980; Zhai
& Du, 2020; Hilberdink et al., 2023).
This is the case for many women victims of
the Colombian armed conict who have lost
their loved ones unjustly and violently, have
been displaced, and have had to deal with the
negative consequences of the conict on a
family and personal level for years.
In this aspect, and considering the importance of
psychosocial accompaniment to the population
victims of armed conict in the framework of
comprehensive reparation and restoration of
rights (Lasso-Urbano et al., 2022), the present
study was oriented to inquire about the coping
strategies and resilience ability in a sample of
women victims of armed conict who have lost
their loved ones due to armed conict and who
were in dierent stages of grief as a result of
this loss.
It was considered important to study these
resources at the personal level, since both
resilience and coping strategies are key
elements in the process of overcoming adverse
situations, such as loss and grief in particular
(Wilches, 2010; García-Vesga & Domínguez-de
la Ossa, 2013; Ren, 2023; Elfers et al., 2023),
thus projecting the collection of necessary
inputs for the design of adequate psychosocial
support strategies for this type of population
aected by the armed conict.
Methodology
Method
A quantitative approach study, descriptive level,
and non-experimental, ex post facto design.
Participants
Using convenience sampling, 20 women victims
of the Colombian armed conict were selected
who had been displaced and had suered the
loss of a loved one through violence, with the
time since the loss ranging from three months
to four years.
Instruments
To assess the resilience variable, the ‘Resilience
Scale SV-RES for Youth and Adults’ by Saavedra
and Villalta (2008) was used, which measures
specic areas of resilience and can be applied
to people of both sexes, from urban areas,
adults, and adolescents. It consists of a 60-
item Likert scale with response options ranging
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
The instrument assesses eleven constitutive
factors of resilience: identity, attachment,
aectivity, autonomy, networks, self-ecacy,
satisfaction, models, learning, pragmatism,
goals and generativity. It is an instrument of
good reliability, with Cronbach’s Alpha = .96,
validated in the Chilean population.
To measure the coping strategies variable, the
Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) was used,
developed in its original version by Tobin et
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
105
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
al. (1989) and adapted by Cano et al. (2007) for the Spanish population, consisting of a 40-
item Likert scale with a response option between 0 (not at all) and 4 (totally), which evaluates
strategies such as problem solving, self-criticism, emotional expression, dissenting thinking,
social support, cognitive restructuring, problem avoidance, and social withdrawal. The instrument
has good psychometric properties, with internal consistency coecients for the factors assessed
ranging from .63 to .89.
To assess the variable stages of grief, the Stages of Grief Scale (EFD-66) was used, based on
the theoretical conceptualization of Kubler-Ross and developed by Miaja and Moral (2013), which
identies the following stages: denial, anger, negotiation (pact), depression, and acceptance. The
scale consists of 66 items with response options ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always) in order to
locate the mourner in the stage of grief in which he/she is currently. The validation study of the
scale in the Mexican population indicates good psychometric properties of the instrument, with
Cronbach’s alpha values between .70 and .88 for the composite subscales (Pedroza et al., 2017).
Procedure
All study participants signed the informed consent form for their participation. The study considered
regulations such as the Code of Ethics of the Psychologist and Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the
Ministry of Health, which support the ethical aspects of the study.
Data analysis
The normality of the variables was tested, descriptive statistics were used to calculate the means
of the variables, and one-factor ANOVA was used for group comparisons for normally distributed
variables and Kruskal-Wallis for non-normally distributed variables. Pearson’s statistics were used
to determine the correlation between the time of grief and the stages of grief.
Results
Of the female participants, three (15%) have mourned for two years, nine (45%) for three years,
six (30%) for four years, and only two (10%) for ve years. As for religion, all of them profess
Catholicism. As for the level of education, sixteen (80%) completed primary school and only four
(20%) nished high school. Regarding marital status, two (10%) are married, six (30%) are in
a union, ten (50%) are widowed and two (10%) of them are single mothers. Regarding children,
only one (5%) of the participants had one child, seven (35%) of the respondents had two children,
seven (35%) had three children, and ve (20%) had four children.
Regarding the stages of grief, four (20%) of the women surveyed were in the rst stage of denial,
one (5%) was in the second stage of anger, ve (25%) were in the third stage of bargaining, three
women (15%) were in the fourth stage of depression, and seven (35%) women were in the fth
stage of acceptance.
Table 1
Descriptive data of the study sample
Variables Years Frequency Percentage
Time of mourning
2 3 15
3 9 45
4 6 30
5 2 10
Religion Catholic 20 100
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
106
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
Variables Years Frequency Percentage
Schooling Primary 16 80
Bachelor’s degree 420
Marital status
Married 210
Free union 630
widow 10 50
Single mother 210
Sons
1 1 5
2735
3735
4 5 25
Mourning stages
Denial 420
Anger 1 5
Negotiation 525
Depression 315
Acceptance 735
Note: descriptive data related to sample characterization. Own elaboration (2023).
The analysis of the results regarding coping strategies obtained in the study sample indicates the
presence of several problems, such as poor management of problem-solving strategies, high self-
criticism, high level of dissenting thinking, high level of use of social withdrawal strategies, and
greater use of problem avoidance. The above is presented as negative aspects related to coping
strategies in the sample of women in the study. These aspects should be addressed in order to
improve their grief processes.
The positive aspects are related to good management of emotional expression, social support,
and cognitive restructuring. These data suggest that the women in the sample make good use of
these functional strategies.
Table 2
Coping strategies of the women in the sample
Strategy Me (SD) Reference values M(SD) Z-score
Problem solving 10,2(2,6) 14,25(5) -0,8
Self-criticism 8,8(3,1) 5,1(5) 0,74
Emotional expression 12,4(3,6) 8,9(5) 0,7
Dissenting thinking 13,6(4,3) 11,6(5) 0,4
Social support 13,2(4,2) 10,9(5) 0,5
Cognitive restructuring 11,1(2,3) 10,1(4,9) 0,2
Problem avoidance 8,3(2,4) 5,1(3,8) 0,6
Social withdrawal 8,7(3,2) 3,9(3,5) 1,4
Note: identication of the most frequently used coping strategies in the sample. Own elaboration
(2023).
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
107
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
Regarding the resilience variables, the data indicate that the women in the sample have an average
level of resilience. The lowest scoring factors were: aectivity and networks at 62%; learning,
goals, and attachments at 65%; self-ecacy and autonomy at 67%; and satisfaction at 68%. The
highest scoring factors were pragmatism at 69% and generativity, models, and identity at 70%.
The overall level of resilience received an average score of 67%.
The above indicates that, although the values obtained were at a level considering the situation of
the women participants as victims of the armed conict and aected by the mourning process, it
would be necessary to improve their resilience ability to have greater personal resources to cope
with the experiences they have lived through.
Table 3
Resilience in the women in the sample
Variables resilience Me (SD) Reference values Direct weighted score
Generativity 17,6(4,3) 5-25 70 %
Learning 16,7(4,9) 5-25 65 %
Self-ecacy 16,8(4,9) 5-25 67 %
Aectivity 15,5(4,6) 5-25 62 %
Goals 16,3(4,4) 5-25 65 %
Models 17,6(4,6) 5-25 70 %
Networks 15,7(4,7) 5-25 62 %
Links 16,3(4,2) 5-25 65 %
Pragmatism 17,4(3,4) 5-25 69 %
Satisfaction 17(3,8) 5-25 68 %
Autonomy 16,8(4,2) 5-25 67 %
Identity 17,6(4) 5-25 70 %
Total resilience 202,5(48) 60-300 67 %
Note: Identication of the variables related to the aspects of resilience in women victims of the
armed conict. Own elaboration (2023).
The comparison of coping strategies and resilience factors according to stages of grief did not
show a statistically signicant dierence. It is important to consider this aspect as a possible bias
in the results and the non-equivalence between the sample size of bereavement groups. It is
necessary to replicate this study in larger samples with greater equivalence of groups to conrm
these ndings.
However, although not a statistically signicant dierence, the comparison of means suggests that
women in the study who are at dierent stages of grief make dierent use of coping strategies and
resilient resources. The overall analysis of scores suggests that women in more advanced stages
of grief make greater use of functional strategies. For example, problem-solving strategies, social
support, emotional expression, and cognitive restructuring, which are functional strategies, show
more frequent use in women in the later stages of grief. On the other hand, the strategies of self-
criticism, dissenting thinking, problem avoidance, and social withdrawal show more frequent use
in women in the early stages of grief.
Regarding the resilience variables, there is also a tendency for the scores in all its constituent
factors and the total score to increase with progress in stages, indicating better resilience in the
female participants who are in the more advanced stages of grief.
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
108
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
Table 4
Coping strategies and resilience according to the stages of grief
Denial
M (SD)
Anger
M (SD)
Bargaining
M (SD)
Depression
M (SD)
Acceptance
M (SD)
Chi-
square P
Coping
strategies
Problem
solving* 9(3) 9(2) 9,5(6) 10(0) 11(5) 2,680 ,613
Self-criticism 10(4,7) 10(2) 9,5(4,3) 8,5(1,7) 8,7(2) ,171 ,950
Emotional
expression 11(2,8) 11,5(4) 12,3(3,4) 12,7(4,7) 13,4(4,3) ,282 ,885
Dissenting
thinking* 15,5(4,6) 14,3(3) 13,6(3,9) 12,3(4) 8(4,4) 1,081 ,400
Social support 12,3(6,4) 12,3(4,5) 12,8(4,7) 13(2) 15(2,4) ,247 ,907
Cognitive
restructuring* 10,5(1,9) 10(1) 10,5(1,6) 10,3(3,5) 12,7(2,1) 1,556 ,237
Problem
avoidance* 8,9(1) 8,3(2) 8,2(2,7) 7,8(1,5) 6,7(2,4) 1,803 ,181
Social
withdrawal 9,3(5,5) 9(2) 9,3(2,9) 8,4(3,5) 7,8(3,1) ,136 ,966
Resilience
Generativity 16(2,8) 17,5(1) 16,7(5,5) 17,8(3) 18,6(4,9) ,361 ,833
Learning 16(3,7) 16,7(2) 17(4,8) 16,6(2,3) 17,7(6,3) ,642 ,641
Self-ecacy* 14(3,6) 15(3) 17,8(5) 17,5(2) 18,4(5) 1,458 ,264
Aectivity 13(4,3) 14,6(4) 16(3,4) 16,7(4) 17,4(5,5) ,674 ,620
Autonomy 15,4(3,8) 15,5(3) 15,8(2,8) 17,2(2) 18,4(5,9) ,536 ,711
Identity 15,5(2,3) 17(1) 17,4(3,2) 18,7(4,5) 19(5,6) ,234 ,915
Goals 15,2(3,7) 15,7(2) 15,2(3) 16,3(4,1) 17,5(5,7) ,628 ,650
Models 15(2,3) 16(3) 16,6(2,7) 17,2(4,5) 19,7(6,3) ,858 ,511
Networks 14,7(5,5) 15(2) 15,2(3,1) 17,7(1,5) 17,6(6,3) ,411 ,798
Links 14,5(4,2) 15(3) 16,6(2,3) 15,3(4,1) 17,9(5,6) ,528 ,717
Pragmatism 16,6(2,4) 16, 5(2) 16,8(2,6) 16(3) 18,8(4,4) ,761 ,566
Satisfaction 15(3,5) 15,3(0) 17,2 (6,2) 17,2(1) 18 (5,6) ,554 ,699
Total
resilience* 205(74) 208(0) 210(61) 215(0) 219(49) 2,154 ,707
*Me (IR) Kruskal-Wallis.
Note: presentation of values and scores associated with coping strategies in women victims of the
armed conict in grief processes. Own elaboration (2023).
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
109
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
Finally, the analysis of the correlation between the years elapsed since the loss and the stages of
grief showed that there is no correlation between these variables, indicating that the transition
from one stage of grief to the next is not related to the time elapsed since the loss. In this aspect,
considering the results presented in the previous Table 4, which indicate the presence of a tendency
towards a more functional use of coping strategies and greater resilience in the women of the
sample who are in more advanced stages of grief, it can be proposed that these personological
resources are more relevant in overcoming grief than the time elapsed since its onset.
Table 5
Relationship between time of grief and stages of grief
Variables Pearson P-value
Time of mourning/ stages of mourning -,031 ,896
Scores associated between bereavement times and stages of grief in the sample. Own elaboration
(2023).
Discussion
The female population has been most aected
by the internal armed conict in Colombia,
mainly in relation to their roles as mothers,
wives, and daughters (Pérez & Cristancho,
2016; Barchelot et al., 2023), triggering grieving
processes that require attention and support
to strengthen their psychosocial resources to
overcome the painful consequences.
In this order of ideas, coping strategies
represent some personological resources
that allow them to eectively manage the
negative emotional responses they experience
throughout the grieving process, thus allowing
them to rebuild their life projects (Hewitt et al.,
2016; Gul et al., 2023).
The female participants in this study showed
the presence of deciencies in this aspect, such
as low use of problem-solving strategies, high
self-criticism, high level of dissenting thinking,
high use of social withdrawal strategy, and
greater use of problem avoidance.
In this regard, studies indicate that situations
of extreme violence, which have profound
psychological consequences for women
victims of armed conict, often lead to the
development of maladaptive strategies such
as denial, avoidance, and emotional isolation,
aggressiveness, ight and social withdrawal,
among others, and are also associated with
the use of psychoactive substances, anxiety,
depression or suicide (Miller et al., 2013;
Gunarathne et al., 2023).
In these situations, as some authors have
pointed out, people turn to religion or other
forms of belief to nd spiritual and emotional
resources to cope with what they have
experienced and to accept the condition of the
victims beyond the negative aspects (Porras,
2011; Hewitt et al., 2016; Ahmadi et al., 2023).
On the other hand, some positive aspects were
also identied in the study sample, such as
good management of emotional expression,
social support and cognitive restructuring as
functional coping strategies. In this regard,
some studies also indicate that many women
who are victims of the armed conict use
the social support strategy as one of the
most common strategies, seeking support
from social and community networks, and
the positive reassessment of their situation,
which makes it possible to recognize the
resources they have and reorient their lives to
overcome what has been lost (Romero-Acosta
& Contreras, 2015; Jyothsna et al., 2023;
Puente-Martínez et al., 2023).
In line with the ndings of this study, studies on
coping strategies in the Colombian population
of victims of the armed conict indicate the use
of strategies such as religion, social support,
re-evaluation, and strategies focused on the
problem and positive emotions (Zuluaga,
2016; Martínez, 2020; Martínez, 2017).
Regarding the resilience variables, the results
showed a medium level of resilience among
the study participants, with higher scores
in pragmatism, generativity, models, and
identity, and certain deciencies in factors such
Grief and its relationship with coping and resilience strategies in a group of women victims
of the Colombian internal armed conict
110
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
as eectiveness and networks, learning, goals
and attachments, self-ecacy, and autonomy.
Regarding resilience in women victims
of armed conict, the authors show the
importance of its elements, such as self-
management and self-awareness as support
in the reconstruction of their life projects,
spirituality, and the recognition of their abilities
and potential (Albarracín & Contreras, 2017;
Quitumbo, 2019; Hewitt-Ramírez et al., 2020).
They emphasize that the presence of resilient
capacity in women victims of armed conict is
related to altruistic attitudes and openness to
others (Utria et al., 2015; Gantiva et al., 2023).
Both resources, both coping strategies and
resilience, are eective in the face of the grief
process at a general level (Rodríguez, 2018;
Garas-Royo et al., 2023; Mansoori et al.,
2023), especially the type of grief exacerbated
by violence, which is felt to be produced in
the context of internal armed conict (Acosta,
2018; Castillo & Palma, 2016; Crișan et al.,
2023).
In this regard, the results of the present
study indicated that there was no relationship
between the time elapsed since the traumatic
event and the progress in the stages of grief
elaboration. However, there was a trend that
showed that women who are in more advanced
stages of grief, regardless of the time that has
elapsed since its onset, have more functional
coping strategies and greater resilience. This
conrms the importance of these personological
resources in coping with the consequences of
the traumas caused by the armed conict and,
in particular, in overcoming the grief caused by
the loss of family members.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the present study,
which indicate the presence of deciencies
in the participating women, victims of the
armed conict, at the level of coping strategies
and resilience, the need to improve these
personological resources to cope with their
grief and overcome their lived experiences
becomes evident.
The results of the study indicate that the time
elapsed since the victimizing and traumatic
events does not allow for progress in the stages
of mourning, but that it is necessary to have
resources at the psychosocial level to overcome
the sequelae caused by the armed conict.
In view of the above, it is necessary to point out
that the interventions carried out with this type
of population, in the framework of the policy
of comprehensive reparation to the victims
of the armed conict, should be less oriented
towards assistance and more towards meeting
their resilient needs, recognizing the resources
they have and promoting autonomy, positive
reassessment, and the acquisition of adaptive
strategies aimed at building a new life.
Conict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no contractual
or personal conict of interest that could cause
an unintentional bias in the research process.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgments are expressed to the women
victims of the armed conict who participated
in the study.
Funding
This study was nanced independently by the
researchers.
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115
Olena Klimenko
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón
Tatiana Padilla Lozano
Revista Criterios - vol. 31 n.o 1 Enero-Junio 2024 - pp. 101-115
Rev. Criterios ISSN: 0121-8670, e-ISSN: 2256-1161
https://doi.org/10.31948/rev.criterios
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Contribution
Olena Klimenko: Principal investigator. Contributions in methodology, instruments, and writing of
the manuscript.
Nubia Hernández-Flórez: Data analyst, interpretation of results, methodological support, and
correction and translation of the text.
Gloria Patricia Vergara Herrera: Compilation of information, data processing, and writing of
introduction.
Ingris Jhoana Rentería Aragón: Compilation of information, data processing, writing of
discussion contributions and conclusions.
Tatiana Padilla Lozano: Compilation of information, data processing and writing of discussion,
contributions, and conclusions.
All authors participated in the preparation of the manuscript, read and approved it.
